Paradigmatic De Novo GRIN1 Variants Recapitulate Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying GRIN1-Related Disorder Clinical Spectrum.

BACKGROUND: GRIN-related disorders (GRD), the so-called grinpathies, is a group of rare encephalopathies caused by mutations affecting GRIN genes (mostly GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes), which encode for the GluN subunit of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) type ionotropic glutamate receptors. A growing number of functional studies indicate that GRIN-encoded GluN1 subunit disturbances can be dichotomically classified into gain- and loss-of-function, although intermediate complex scenarios are often present. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to delineate the structural and functional alterations of GRIN1 disease-associated variants, and their correlations with clinical symptoms in a Spanish cohort of 15 paediatric encephalopathy patients harbouring these variants. RESULTS: Patients harbouring GRIN1 disease-associated variants have been clinically deeply-phenotyped. Further, using computational and in vitro approaches, we identified different critical checkpoints affecting GluN1 biogenesis (protein stability, subunit assembly and surface trafficking) and/or NMDAR biophysical properties, and their association with GRD clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a strong correlation between GRIN1 variants-associated structural and functional outcomes. This structural-functional stratification provides relevant insights of genotype-phenotype association, contributing to future precision medicine of GRIN1-related encephalopathies.

Dystonia and Contractures are Potential Early Signs of CACNA1E-Related Epileptic Encephalopathy.

Epileptic encephalopathy related to CACNA1E has been described as a severe neurodevelopmental disorder presenting with early-onset refractory seizures, hypotonia, macrocephaly, hyperkinetic movements, and contractures and is associated with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Most pathogenic variants described to date are missense variants with a gain of function effect, and the role of haploinsufficiency has yet to be clarified. We describe 2 cases of CACNA1E encephalopathy. Notable findings include congenital contractures and movement disorders predating onset of epilepsy, particularly dystonia. We further compared the key phenotypic features depending on variant location. In conclusion, the appearance of congenital contractures, areflexia, and movement disorders before the onset of epilepsy may provide key guidance in the diagnosis of epileptic CACNA1E encephalopathy. A genotype-phenotype correlation was found between the presence of movement disorders and severe intellectual disability and the location of the variant in the CACNA1E gene.

Perampanel in routine clinical use in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: The 12-month GENERAL study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel across different seizure types in routine clinical care of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, 1-year observational study collected data from patient records at 21 specialist epilepsy units in Spain. All patients who were aged ≥12 years, prescribed perampanel before December 2016, and had a confirmed diagnosis of IGE were included. RESULTS: The population comprised 149 patients with IGE (60 with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 51 generalized tonic-clonic seizures [GTCS] only, 21 juvenile absence epilepsy, 10 childhood absence epilepsy, 6 adulthood absence epilepsy, and one Jeavons syndrome). Mean age was 36 years. The retention rate at 12 months was 83% (124/149), and 4 mg was the most common dose. At 12 months, the seizure-free rate was 59% for all seizures (88/149); 63% for GTCS (72/115), 65% for myoclonic seizures (31/48), and 51% for absence seizures (24/47). Seizure frequency was reduced significantly at 12 months relative to baseline for GTCS (78%), myoclonic (65%), and absence seizures (48%). Increase from baseline seizure frequency was seen in 5.2% of patients with GTCS seizures, 6.3% with myoclonic, and 4.3% with absence seizures. Perampanel was effective regardless of epilepsy syndrome, concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and prior AEDs, but retention and seizure freedom were significantly higher when used as early add-on (after ≤2 prior AEDs) than late (≥3 prior AEDs). Adverse events were reported in 50% of patients over 12 months, mostly mild or moderate, and irritability (23%), somnolence (15%), and dizziness (14%) were most frequent. SIGNIFICANCE: In routine clinical care of patients with IGE, perampanel improved seizure outcomes for GTCS, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures, with few discontinuations due to adverse events. This is the first real-world evidence with perampanel across different seizure types in IGE.

Clinical and genetic features of 13 Spanish patients with KCNQ2 mutations.

The KCNQ2 gene codifies a subunit of the voltage-gated potassium M channel underlying the neuronal M-current. Classically, mutations in this gene have been associated with benign familial neonatal seizures, however, in recent years KCNQ2 mutations have been reported associated to early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. In this work, detailed familiar, clinical and genetic data were collected for 13 KCNQ2-positive patients revealed among a cohort of 80 epileptic pediatric probands from Spain who were analyzed through a targeted next-generation sequencing assay for 155 epilepsy-associated genes. This work shows for the first time the association between KCNQ2 mutations and startle attacks in 38% of patients, which opens the possibility to define electroclinical phenotypes associated to KCNQ2 mutations. It also demonstrates that KCNQ2 mutations contribute to an important percentage of Spanish patients with epilepsy. The study confirm the high genetic heterogeneity of this gene with 13 different mutations found, 10 of them novel and the better outcome of patients treated with sodium channel blockers.

Atypical course in individuals from Spanish families with benign familial infantile seizures and mutations in the PRRT2 gene.

A benign prognosis has been claimed in benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS). However, few studies have assessed the long-term evolution of these patients. The objective of this study is to describe atypical courses and presentations in BFIS families with mutations in PRRT2 gene. We studied clinically affected individuals from five BFIS Spanish families. We found mutations in PRRT2 in all 5 families. A non-BFIS phenotype or an atypical BFIS course was found in 9/25 (36%) patients harbouring a PRRT2 mutation. Atypical features included neonatal onset, mild hemiparesis, learning difficulties or mental retardation, and recurrent seizures during adulthood. We also report a novel PRRT2 mutation (c.121_122delGT). In BFIS families an atypical phenotype was present in a high percentage of the patients. These findings expand the clinical spectrum of PRRT2 mutations including non-benign epileptic phenotypes.

[Natural course of septo-optic dysplasia: retrospective analysis of 20 cases]. / Evolucion natural de la displasia septooptica: analisis retrospectivo de 20 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is the variable combination of signs of dysgenesis of the midline of the brain, hypoplasia of the optic nerves and hypothalamus-pituitary dysfunction, which is sometimes associated with a varied spectrum of malformations of the cerebral cortex. AIMS: To describe the natural history and neuroimaging findings in a series of 20 diagnosed patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We review the epidemiological, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of 20 consecutive patients diagnosed with SOD between January 1985 and January 2010. Data obtained from computerised tomography, magnetic resonance imaging of the head, electroencephalogram, visual evoked potentials, ophthalmological evaluation, karyotyping and endocrinological studies were analysed. In seven patients, a study of the gene Homeobox HESX1 was conducted. RESULTS: Pathological antecedents in the first three months of gestation were presented by 60% of the cases, with normal results in the foetal ultrasound scans. Clinically, the most striking features were visual manifestations (85%), endocrine disorders (50%), mental retardation (60%) and epileptic seizures (55%). Fifty-five per cent were associated to abnormal neuronal migration. In 45%, SOD was the only finding in the neuroimaging scans. Karyotyping was performed in all cases, the results being normal. Gene HESX1 was positive in two of the seven cases studied (both with isolated SOD). None of those with mutation in gene HESX1 presented familial consanguinity. No gene study was conducted with the parents. CONCLUSIONS: SOD must be classified as a heterogeneous malformation syndrome, which is associated to multiple brain, ocular, endocrine and systemic anomalies. The most severe forms are associated with abnormal neuronal migration and cortical organisation.

Evolución natural de la displasia septoóptica: análisis retrospectivo de 20 casos / Natural course of septo-optic dysplasia: retrospective analysis of 20 cases

Introducción. La displasia septoóptica (DSO) es la combinación variable de signos de disgenesia de línea media cerebral, hipoplasia de nervios ópticos y disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria, asociándose, a veces, con un espectro variado de malformaciones de la corteza cerebral. Objetivo. Describir la evolución natural y los hallazgos de neuroimagen en una serie de 20 pacientes diagnosticados. Pacientes y métodos. Se revisan de forma retrospectiva las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y neurroradiológicas de 20 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de DSO entre enero de 1985 y enero de 2010. Se analizaron los datos de tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética craneal, electroencefalograma, potenciales evocados visuales, valoración oftalmológica, cariotipo y estudio endocrinológico. En siete pacientes, se realizó estudio del gen Homeobox HESX1. Resultados. El 60% de los casos presentaba antecedentes patológicos en el primer trimestre de gestación, con las ecografías fetales normales. Clínicamente, destacaban manifestaciones visuales (85%), alteraciones endocrinas (50%), retraso mental (60%) y crisis epilépticas (55%). Un 55% se asociaba a anomalías de migración neuronal. En un 45%, la DSO era el único hallazgo de neuroimagen. Se realizó cariotipo a todos, siendo normal. El gen HESX1 fue positivo en dos de los siete casos estudiados (ambos con DSO aislada). Ninguno con mutación en el gen HESX1 presentaba consanguinidad familiar. No se realizó estudio genético a los padres. Conclusiones. La DSO debe clasificarse como un síndrome malformativo heterogéneo, que asocia múltiples anomalías cerebrales, oculares, endocrinas y sistémicas. Las formas más graves se asocian con anomalías de la migración neuronal y de la organización cortical (AU)

Introduction. Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is the variable combination of signs of dysgenesis of the midline of the brain, hypoplasia of the optic nerves and hypothalamus-pituitary dysfunction, which is sometimes associated with a varied spectrum of malformations of the cerebral cortex. Aims. To describe the natural history and neuroimaging findings in a series of 20 diagnosed patients. Patients and methods. We review the epidemiological, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of 20 consecutive patients diagnosed with SOD between January 1985 and January 2010. Data obtained from computerised tomography, magnetic resonance imaging of the head, electroencephalogram, visual evoked potentials, ophthalmological evaluation, karyotyping and endocrinological studies were analysed. In seven patients, a study of the gene Homeobox HESX1 was conducted. Results. Pathological antecedents in the first three months of gestation were presented by 60% of the cases, with normal results in the foetal ultrasound scans. Clinically, the most striking features were visual manifestations (85%), endocrine disorders (50%), mental retardation (60%) and epileptic seizures (55%). Fifty-five per cent were associated to abnormal neuronal migration. In 45%, SOD was the only finding in the neuroimaging scans. Karyotyping was performed in all cases, the results being normal. Gene HESX1 was positive in two of the seven cases studied (both with isolated SOD). None of those with mutation in gene HESX1 presented familial consanguinity. No gene study was conducted with the parents. Conclusions. SOD must be classified as a heterogeneous malformation syndrome, which is associated to multiple brain, ocular, endocrine and systemic anomalies. The most severe forms are associated with abnormal neuronal migration and cortical organisation (AU)

[Benign childhood epilepsies: academic difficulties and behavioural disorders]. / Epilepsias benignas de la infancia: dificultades académicas y alteraciones comportamentales.

INTRODUCTION: Some papers published in the literature have shown that patients can present behavioural disorders and learning difficulties in benign childhood epilepsies (BCE). AIMS: To review the patients diagnosed with BCE in our hospital and to determine whether they present such disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted in a retrospective review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with BCE. An electroencephalogram (EEG) or video-EEG-polygraph recordings were performed on all patients during sleep. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was used to evaluate intelligence. RESULTS: Data were collected for 102 patients diagnosed with BCE. Dispersed attention was observed in 51.6% of the patients with rolandic epilepsy and 16.2% displayed an impulsive temperament. In the group of patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome, 30.3% displayed dispersed attention and 27.3% presented an impulsive temperament. A psychometric evaluation was carried out in 43 patients. The overall mean intelligence quotient was 95 (range: 55-126). In the three groups, academic achievement was good in approximately half the sample, regular in about 30% and poor in around 15%. In the group with rolandic epilepsy, the EEG showed a relation between frontal (p = 0.039) and occipital paroxysms (p = 0.004) and poorer academic achievement. In this group, the children with behaviours classed as dispersed, impulsive or hyperactive showed left-side paroxysms more frequently (p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: BCE are conditions with a good prognosis, but seem to be associated to learning and behavioural disorders. Neuropsychological studies should be conducted on these patients to detect these disorders.

[Characteristics and evolution of patients with Alice in Wonderland syndrome]. / Características y evolución de los pacientes con síndrome de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas.

INTRODUCTION: Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a process characterized for complex disorders of the visual perception with multiple etiologies. AIM: To evaluate the clinical, electrophysiological, etiological characteristics and natural evolution in children with Alice in Wonderland syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have realized a retrospective study by what means of a review of 20 clinical histories of 18 year old minor patients diagnosed of Alice in Wonderland syndrome from January 1995 until February 2010. RESULTS: The average of age to the diagnosis was 9.5 ± 3.8 years (range: 4-16 years). It appeared in an acute way in 85% and progressive in 15%. 90% had micropsias and/or macropsias, 85% distortion of the form of the objects, 80% displacement of objects, 45% disturbances of body image, 45% acceleration of the time and 30% sensation of unreality. 95% of the children had many episodes a day; these episodes lasted less than 3 minutes in 90%. Electroencephalogram was realized in all the patients, it was abnormal in 11 cases, in one case was found and epileptic foci (left temporal) and in 10 cases was found posterior slow waves. The tests of neuroimagen were normal in all the patients. The visual evoked potentials were realized in 7 children; five of these children showed higher amplitude in evoked potentials and two of these children had normal. The infectious etiology was found in nine cases (five partners to Epstein-Barr virus), migraine in eight, toxins in two and epilepsy in one case. 80% did not have recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a benign process with trend to spontaneous resolution and without recurrence in the majority of the occasions. The principal etiologies are migraine and Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Características clínicas, electroencefalográficas y genómicas de los pacientes con epilepsia con crisis febriles plus / Clinical, electroencephalographic and genomic characteristics of patients with epilepsy with febrile seizueres plus

Introducción. Las mutaciones en los canales de sodio dependientes del voltaje o en los receptores del ácido gamma-aminobutírico son las más frecuentes en el espectro de epilepsias con crisis febriles plus. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas, electroencefalográficas y genómicas de los pacientes con epilepsia con crisis febriles plus y compararlo con la bibliografía. Pacientes y métodos. Analizamos 26 pacientes con este diagnóstico y estudio genético dirigido, recogiendo variables correspondientes a datos epidemiológicos, características de la epilepsia, evolución, pruebas complementarias, tratamientos antiepilépticos y estudio genético. Resultados. Nueve pacientes presentaron epilepsia generalizada con crisis febriles plus; seis, síndrome de Dravet; seis, síndrome de Dravet borderline; dos, síndrome de Doose; y tres, epilepsia parcial criptogénica. Se evidenció alteración genética en el 62% de los casos. La edad media de inicio de la epilepsia fue de 13,5 meses, siendo menor la edad, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa, en los pacientes con genética positiva. El 58% de los casos sufrió un estado epiléptico al inicio o en la evolución de la epilepsia. El 85% de los casos tomaba ácido valproico. El 58% manifestó deterioro cognitivo. Se realizaron pruebas complementarias en todos los pacientes. Conclusiones. Las epilepsias con crisis febriles plus componen un grupo genéticamente heterogéneo. Las mutaciones de tipo missense son las más frecuentes en nuestro estudio. Aunque las correlaciones fenotipo-genotipo son difíciles de establecer, los pacientes con deleciones mostraron un síndrome de Dravet típico o borderline, mientras que las mutaciones en el receptor del ácido gamma-aminobutírico tienen epilepsia menos grave (AU)

voltagedependent sodium channels or in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. Aim. To describe the clinical, electroencephalographic and genomic characteristics of patients with epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and compare them with those found in the literature. Patients and methods. We analysed 26 patients who had been diagnosed with this condition and had had a targeted genetic study with the aim of collecting variables related to epidemiological data, characteristics of the epilepsy, development, complementary tests, antiepileptic treatments and genetic study. Results. Nine patients presented generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus; six had Dravet’s syndrome; six had borderline Dravet’s syndrome; two had Doose’s syndrome; and three of them had cryptogenic partial epilepsy. Genetic disorders were observed in 62% of the cases. The mean age of onset of epilepsy was 13.5 months and the age was lower (with statistically significant differences) in patients with positive genetic testing. Epileptic status was suffered by 58% of cases either at onset or in the development of the epilepsy. A total of 85% of cases were taking valproic acid and 58% displayed cognitive impairment. Complementary tests were performed in all the patients. Conclusions. Epilepsies with febrile seizures plus make up a genetically heterogeneous group. Missense mutations were the most common in our study. Although it is difficult to establish phenotype-genotype correlations, patients with deletions showed typical or borderline Dravet’s syndrome, whereas mutations in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor had less severe epilepsy (AU)

[Interictal epileptiform discharges and cognitive impairment in children]. / Repercusion neurocognitiva de las descargas epileptiformes interictales en el nino.

INTRODUCTION: Learning disorders are very frequent among children with epilepsy. The etiology is multifactorial, being affected by the type of epileptic syndrome, the cause of epilepsy, a high frequency of epileptic seizures, a previous history of status epilepticus, the age of onset of epilepsy, the antiepileptic treatment being selected, and the role of interictal epileptiform discharges. Several studies have sought to analyze to what extent cognitive impairment can be attributed to interictal epileptiform discharges among the other epilepsy factors. AIM: To review the existing evidence on the cognitive impact of interictal epileptiform discharges in children. DEVELOPMENT: The disruptive effect of interictal epileptiform discharges on cognition is supported by a wide range of factors, such as the concept of transient cognitive impairment, the definition of epileptic encephalopathy, the natural course of epileptic syndromes with continuous spike and wave activity during slow sleep, the concept of autistic regression related to epileptiform activity, the cognitive profile of benign rolandic epilepsy, and the cognitive impact of non convulsive status epilepticus. According to this information it has been suggested that treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges with antiepileptic drugs could improve cognition and behaviour in these children. CONCLUSIONS: Interictal epileptiform discharges are associated with neuropsychological disorders like cognitive impairment and behavioral problems even in absence of clinical epilepsy. Uncontrolled reports and three preliminary randomised controlled trials of antiepileptic treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges have suggested that suppression of discharges is associated with significant improvement in psychosocial function. However, a greater number of controlled studies are required to be carried out, in order to confirm this hypothesis.

[Clinical, electroencephalographic and genomic characteristics of patients with epilepsy with febrile seizures plus]. / Características clínicas, electroencefalográficas y genómicas de los pacientes con epilepsia con crisis febriles plus.

INTRODUCTION: The most frequent mutations in the spectrum of epilepsy with febrile seizures plus are those in the voltage-dependent sodium channels or in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. AIM: To describe the clinical, electroencephalographic and genomic characteristics of patients with epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and compare them with those found in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 26 patients who had been diagnosed with this condition and had had a targeted genetic study with the aim of collecting variables related to epidemiological data, characteristics of the epilepsy, development, complementary tests, antiepileptic treatments and genetic study. RESULTS: Nine patients presented generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus; six had Dravet's syndrome; six had borderline Dravet's syndrome; two had Doose's syndrome; and three of them had cryptogenic partial epilepsy. Genetic disorders were observed in 62% of the cases. The mean age of onset of epilepsy was 13.5 months and the age was lower (with statistically significant differences) in patients with positive genetic testing. Epileptic status was suffered by 58% of cases either at onset or in the development of the epilepsy. A total of 85% of cases were taking valproic acid and 58% displayed cognitive impairment. Complementary tests were performed in all the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Epilepsies with febrile seizures plus make up a genetically heterogeneous group. Missense mutations were the most common in our study. Although it is difficult to establish phenotype-genotype correlations, patients with deletions showed typical or borderline Dravet's syndrome, whereas mutations in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor had less severe epilepsy.

Repercusión neurocognitiva de las descargas epileptiformes interictales en el niño / Interictal epileptiform discharges and cognitive impairment in children

Introducción. Los trastornos de aprendizaje son muy frecuentes entre los niños con epilepsia. La etiología de este problema es multifactorial, incluyendo el tipo de síndrome epiléptico, la etiología de la epilepsia, la existencia de una alta frecuencia de crisis epilépticas, una historia previa de estados epilépticos, la edad de inicio de la epilepsia, el tipo de tratamiento antiepiléptico que se use y la posible influencia de las descargas epileptiformes interictales. En la actualidad, se discute si las descargas epileptiformes interictales producen un deterioro cognitivo de forma independiente a los otros factores referidos. Objetivo. Revisar la evidencia existente sobre el impacto neurocognitivo de las descargas epileptiformes interictales en el niño. Desarrollo. El potencial efecto negativo de las descargas epileptiformes interictales se ve refrendado por el concepto de alteración cognitiva transitoria, la definición de encefalopatía epiléptica, la historia natural de los síndromes con puntaonda continua durante el sueño lento, el modelo de los síndromes de regresión autista epiléptica, el perfil neurocognitivo de las epilepsias rolándicas benignas y el potencial impacto cognitivo del estado de mal no convulsivo. En concordancia con todos estos datos, se ha sugerido que el tratamiento de las descargas epileptiformes interictales con fármacos antiepilépticos odría mejorar la cognición y la conducta de estos niños. Conclusiones. Las descargas epileptiformes interictales se asocian con alteraciones neurocognitivas y conductuales incluso en ausencia de clínica definida de epilepsia. Los estudios preliminares de casos y tres ensayos aleatorizados controlados indican que el tratamiento farmacológico tiene efectos psicosociales beneficiosos en algunos de estos casos. No obstante, se necesita un mayor número de estudios doble ciego controlados por placebo para confirmar esta hipótesis (AU)

Introduction. Learning disorders are very frequent among children with epilepsy. The etiology is multifactorial, being affected by the type of epileptic syndrome, the cause of epilepsy, a high frequency of epileptic seizures, a previous history of status epilepticus, the age of onset of epilepsy, the antiepileptic treatment being selected, and the role of interictal epileptiform discharges. Several studies have sought to analyze to what extent cognitive impairment can be attributed to interictal epileptiform discharges among the other epilepsy factors. Aim. To review the existing evidence on the cognitive impact of interictal epileptiform discharges in children. Development. The disruptive effect of interictal epileptiform discharges on cognition is supported by a wide range of factors, such as the concept of transient cognitive impairment, the definition of epileptic encephalopathy, the natural course of epileptic syndromes with continuous spike and wave activity during slow sleep, the concept of autistic regression related to epileptiform activity, the cognitive profile of benign rolandic epilepsy, and the cognitive impact of non convulsive status epilepticus. According to this information it has been suggested that treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges with antiepileptic drugs could improve cognition and behaviour in these children. Conclusions. Interictal epileptiform discharges are associated with neuropsychological disorders like cognitive impairment and behavioral problems even in absence of clinical epilepsy. Uncontrolled reports and three preliminary randomised controlled trials of antiepileptic treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges have suggested that suppression of discharges is associated with significant improvement in psychosocial function. However, a greater number of controlled studies are required to be carried out, in order to confirm this hypothesis (AU)

Clinical, polysomnographic and laboratory characteristics of narcolepsy-cataplexy in a sample of children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To report our findings from a sample of narcoleptic children and adolescents evaluated in our unit from 1988 to 2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of nine children (5 boys) with a mean age of 14.5 years at diagnosis. The protocol included the following: Epworth, Ullanlinna narcolepsy scale, and Stanford cataplexy questionnaires; physical, psychological and neurological examinations; neuroimaging; PSG+MSLT recordings; HLA and in two cases Hcrt-1 level in CSF. RESULTS: Narcolepsy was sporadic in all cases. The first symptom was EDS with a mean age at onset of 9.4±2.5 years (range 6-13 years). All patients complained of cataplexy. Other symptoms were hypnagogic hallucinations (4 children) and sleep paralysis (3 children). All the children performed poorly at school, 4 had emotional disorders with depression, 4 displayed nocturnal eating and weight gain. Mean BMI was 25.0 kg/m(2). One girl was diagnosed as having precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. The MRI showed a partial empty sella. Hcrt-1 was undetectable in her CSF. The mean Ullanlinna score was 24.6; PSG showed disturbed nocturnal sleep and the MSLT showed a mean sleep latency of 2.1 min and 3 SOREMPs. Eight children were DR2-DQ1-positive, whereas one boy was DR2-negative but DQ1-positive. In two patients, Hcrt-1 was undetectable. All children, in addition to scheduled naps during the day, were treated with modafinil or methylphenidate combined with an antidepressant and in two cases with sodium oxybate. CONCLUSION: NC was sporadic in all children and associated with precocious puberty and PCOS, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in one case. EDS, cataplexy, disturbed nocturnal sleep, nocturnal eating, poor school performance, and emotional disorders were the principal complaints. All patients had DQB1∗0602 and Hcrt-1 was evaluated in two cases (undetectable in both).

Macrophagic myofasciitis in childhood: a controversial entity.

Macrophagic myofasciitis is an unusual inflammatory myopathy, which has been almost exclusively reported in French adults with diffuse arthromyalgias and asthenia. It is characterized by an infiltrate of densely packed macrophages, with granular periodic-acid-Schiff positive content, on muscle biopsies at the site of vaccination. The presence of aluminum inclusions in these macrophages points to an inappropriate reaction to aluminum used as an adjuvant in some vaccines. Although in adults this entity is well defined, less than 15 cases have been reported in children. This study describes seven children, younger than 3 years of age, with typical lesions of macrophagic myofasciitis on quadriceps muscle biopsy. In five cases, biopsies were performed to exclude mitochondrial pathology. All the children developed hypotonia and motor or psychomotor delay, associated with others symptoms. Abnormal neuroimaging was evident in six cases. Spectrometry studies detected elevated levels of aluminum in muscle in three of four cases tested. Despite the wide use of vaccines in childhood, macrophagic myofasciitis was rarely observed in children and its characteristic histologic pattern could not be correlated with a distinctive clinical syndrome.

Hemangiomas infantiles gigantes de cabeza y cuello con malformaciones de fosa posterior / Giant infantile hemangiomas of head and neck with posterior fossa anomalies

La asociación entre hemangiomas infantiles gigantes de cabeza y cuello de ciertas características morfológicas y malformaciones de la fosa craneal posterior son parte fundamental de un síndrome malformativo complejo bien definido, para el que se ha propuesto el acrónimo PHACE: anomalías de la fosa posterior, hemangioma, anomalías arteriales, coartación de aorta y anomalías cardíacas y alteraciones oculares (del inglés eye).Presentamos los casos de tres niñas que presentaban hemangiomas gigantes de cabeza y cuello asociados a anomalía de Dandy-Walker (tres casos), estrabismo (tres casos) y anomalías arteriales del tronco carotídeo ipsilateral al hemangioma (un caso). En los tres pacientes los corticosteroides por vía general fueron eficaces para el tratamiento del hemangioma gigante (AU)

Mancha mongólica generalizada en un niño con gangliosidosis GM1 tipo 1 / Extensive mongolian spot in a child with GM1, type 1 gangliosidosis

Se presenta el caso de un niño de raza blanca, de 9 meses de edad, con gangliosidosis GM1 tipo 1 que presentaba una mancha mongólica generalizada. Los casos informados con esta asociación bien pueden apoyar una relación causal entre ambas enfermedades o bien puede considerarse que la mancha mongólica generalizada sea una manifestación de la gangliosidosis GM1 (AU)